2023-09-08
Descriptive overviews
Studies for policy analysis
Econometric / statistical analysis
Flexible
Rich
Response rate
Delimination of innovation expenditure
Subjectivity of novelty
Research and experimental development (R&D) comprise creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications.
OECD (1994)
Basic Research is experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge about observable phenomena and facts, not directed toward any particular use.
Applied Research is original investigation to acquire new knowledge directed primarily towards a specific practical aim or objective.
Experimental Development is systematic effort, based on existing knowledge from research or practical experience, directed toward creating novel or improved materials, products, devices, processes, systems, or services.
Long Time Series
Decomposable (Type of Research, Org)
Available at Firm Level
Not necessarily innovation
Not the only innovation input
Biased against small firms
Biased against service / organizational innovation
Measurement error due to false allocation of spending
OECD patstat: https://www.epo.org/searching-for-patents/business/patstat.html
USPTO: https://patentsview.org/
European Patent Office: https://worldwide.espacenet.com/
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Long time series
Accessible
Detailed
Differing propensity to patent
Patenting motivation
Possible Industry-Technology mismatch
Multiple patent offices (EPO; USPTO; JPO)
Example of an Innovation Article
Source: “Svensk Trävaru- och Pappersmassetidning 9 - 1985
High data quality
Captures actual innovation
Reliable coverage due to expert filter
Potentially biased against process innovations
Biased against incremental innovation
Labor intensive to produce
Linking of different measurements
Example: Johansson et al. (2022)
Computational data generation
Rammer & Es-Sadki (2022)
Computational text analysis